Discuss ‘The Chinese Room’ Argument Essay

In 1980, John Searle began a widespread dispute with his report card, Minds, Brains, and Programmes (Searle, 1980). The paper referred to a impression experiment which argued against the possibility that computers can forever have conventionalised intelligence (AI) in essence a condemnation that mechanisms will ever be able-bodied to think. Searles billet was based on two key claims. Thatbrains cause looks and syntax doesnt suffice for semantics (Searle, 1980, p.417).Syntax in this instance refers to the computer language used to create a create mentally a combination of illegible code (to the untrained eye) which provides the basis and commands for the action of a programme running on a computer. Semantics refers to the study of meaning or the understanding behind the use of language. Searles claim was that it is the existence of a brain which gives us our minds and the intelligence which we have, and that no combination of programming language is fit enough to contribute meaning to the railroad car and therein for the machine to understand. His claim was that the app arnt understanding of a computer is except more than a hang of programmed codes, throw in the toweling the machine to extort answers based on available information. He did non deny that computers could be programmed to perform to act as if they understand and have meaning. In fact he quotedthe computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind, rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states (Searle, 1980, p. 417).Searles argument was that we whitethorn be able to create machines with weak AI that is, we can programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking, to simulate thought and arouse a perceptible understanding, but the claim of strong AI (that machines atomic number 18 able to run with syntax and have cognitive states as homosexua ls and understand and produce answers based on this cognitive understanding, that it really has (or is) a mind (Chalmers, 1992)) is just not possible. A machine is unable to generate fundamental human mind sterilises such(prenominal) as intentionality, subjectivity, and comprehension (Ibid, 1992). Searles main argument for this notion came from his Chinese style experiment, for which there has been much deliberation and denunciation from fellow researchers, philosophers and psychologists. This paper aims to analyse the arguments, assess counter augments and propose that John Searle was accurate in his philosophy that machines will never think as humans and that the issue relates more to the simple fact that a computer is neither human nor biological in nature, nor can it ever be.In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a method of examining the intelligibility of a machine to become bangn as The Turing Test (Turing, 1950). It describes an examination of the veracity to which a machine can b e deemed intelligent, should it so pass . Searle (1980) argued that the test is fallible, in that a machine without intelligence is able to pass such a test. The Chinese Room is Searles example of such machine.The Chinese manner experiment is what is termed by physicists a thought experiment (Reynolds and Kates, 1995) such that it is a hypothetical experiment which is not somaticly performed, often without any intention of the experiment ever be executed. It was proposed by Searle as a way of illustrating his understanding that a machine will never logically be able to possess a mind. Searle (1980) suggests that we opine ourselves as a monolingual (speaking only whizz language) English speaker, locked inwardly a room with a large group of Chinese writing in addition to a second group of Chinese script. We argon also presented with a heap of rules in English which allow us to connect the initial set of writings, with the second set of script. The set of rules allows you to ide ntify the archetypical and second set of symbols (syntax) purely by their presenting form. Furthermore, we are presented with a third set of Chinese symbols and additional English instructions which makes it feasible for you to associate peculiar(a) items from the third batch with the preceding two.This commands you consequently to give back particular Chinese symbols with particular shapes in response. Searle encourages us to accept that the initial set of writing is a script (a natural language processing computational data set) the second set a story and the third group questions. The symbols which are returned are the answers and the English instructions are the computer programme. However, should you be the one inside the Chinese room you would not be aware of this. However, Searle suggests that your responses to the questions become so good, that you are impossible to differentiate from a native Chinese speaker yet you are merely behaving as a computer.Searle argues that whi lst in the room and delivering correct answers, he still does not know anything. He cannot speak Chinese yet is able to produce the correct answers without an understanding of the Chinese language. Searles thought experiment demonstrated that of weak AI that we can indeed programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking and such to simulate thought and hence produce a perceptible understanding, when in fact the machine understands nothing it is patently following a linear instructional set, for which the answers are already programmed. The machine is not producing intuitive thought it is providing a programmed answer.Searle was presented with many critical replies to the Chinese room experiment, for which he offered a rejoinder a retort to the replies by looking at the room in a different way to study for such counterarguments presented by researchers in the field of AI. Harnard (1993) supports The Systems Reply in refute of the work of Searle. This argues that we are encourag ed to focus on the wrong agent the individual in the room. This implies that the man in the room does not understand Chinese as a single entity, but the system in which he operates (the room), does. However, an evident resistivity to such claim is that the system (the room) again has no real way of connecting meaning to the Chinese symbols any more than the individual man did in the outset instance. Even if the individual were to internalize (memorise) the entire instructional components, and be removed from the system (room), how would the system compute the answers, if all the computational ability is within the man. Furthermore, the room cannot understand Chinese.The Robot Reply is due to refutation by Harnard (1989) who argued that meaning is unable to be attached to the ciphers of Chinese writing due to the lack of sensory-motoric connection. That is, the symbols are in no way attached to a physical meaning, that which can be seen and comprehended. As children, we learn to as sociate meaning of words by attaching them to physical things. Harnard argues, that the Chinese room lacks this ability to associate meaning to the words, and thus is unable to produce understanding. Yet, Searles defence is that if we were to further imagine a computer inside a golem, producing a representation of walking and perceiving, then according to Harnard, the robot would have understanding of other mental states.However, when Searle places the room (with the man inside) inside the robot and allows the symbols to come from a television attached to the robot, he insists that he still does not have understanding that his computational production is still merely a display of symbol representation (Searle, 1980, p.420). Searle also argues that part of The Robot Reply is in itself, disputing the fact that human cognition is merely symbol manipulation and as such refutes the opinion of strong AI, as it is in need of causal relations to the outside world (Ibid, p.420). Again, the s ystem simply follows a computational set of rules installed by the programmer and produces linear answers, based upon such rules. There is no spontaneous thought or understanding of the Chinese symbols, it merely matches with that already programmed in the system. The Robot Reply is therefore suggestive that programmed structure is enough to be accountable for mental processes for cognition.this suggests that some computational structure is sufficient for mentality, and both are therefore futile (Chalmers, 1992, p.3).Further to the Robot Reply, academics from Berkley (Searle, 1980) proposed The Brain Simulator Reply, in which the notion of exactly what the man represents is questioned. It is hereby proposed that the computer (man in the room) signifies neurons firing at the synapse of a Chinese narrator. It is argued here that we would have to accept that the machine understood the stories. If we did not, we would have to assume that native Chinese speakers also did not understand t he stories since at a neuronal level there would be no difference. The opposition clearly defines understanding by the correct firing of neurons, which may well produce the correct responses from the machine and a perceived understanding, that is assumed, but the argument remains does the machine (man) in reality understand that which he is producing (answering), or is it again, merely a computational puzzle, solved through logical programming? Searle argues yes.He asks us to imagine a man in the room using weewee pipes and valves to represent the biological process of neuronal firing at the synapse. The input (English instructions) now informs the man, which valves to turn on and off and thus produce an answer (a set of flowing pipes at the end of the system). Again, Searle argues that neither the man, nor the pipes actually understand Chinese. Yes, they have an answer and yes, the answer is undoubtedly correct, but the elements which produced the answer (the man and the pipes) still do not understand what the answer is they do not have semantic representation for the output. Here, the representation of the neurons is simply that a representation. A representation which is unable to account for the higher functioning processes of the brain and the semanticist understanding therein. Further argument suggests a combination of the aforementioned elements kn sustain as The Combination Reply should allow for intentionality to the system, as proposed by academics at Berkley and Standford (Simon and Eisenstadt, 2002).The idea is such that combining the intelligence of all the replies aforementioned into one system, the system should be able to produce semantic inference from the linear answer produced by the syntax. Again, Searle (1980) is unable to justify such claims, as the sum of all parts does not account for understanding. Not one of the replies was able to validate genuine understanding from the system and as such, the combination of the three counterargum ents, will still remain as ambiguous as first presented. Searle quotes if the robot looks and behaves sufficiently like us then we would suppose, until proven otherwise, that it must have mental states like ours that cause and are expressed by its mien if we knew independently how to account for its behavior without such assumptionswe would not attribute intentionality to it, especially if we knew it had a formal program (1980, p. 421). Searles argument is simple. If we did not know that a computer produces answers from specifically programmed syntax, then it is plausible to accept that it may have mental states such as ours.The issue however is straightforwardly so, that we do know that the system is a computational set and as such is not a thinking machine any more so than any other computational structure. The Chinese Room thought experiment is undoubtedly notorious and controversial in essence. The thought experiment has been refuted and discredited repeatedly, yet perceivably defended by Searle. His own defensive stance has appeared to cause infuriation amongst strong AI theorists, resulting in questionable counter attacks, resulting in more of what appears a religious diatribe against AI, masquerading as a serious scientific argument (Hofstadter 1980, p. 433) than a significant opposition.Searle (1980) argues that accurate programming in no instance can ever produce thought in the essence of what we understand thought to be not only the amalgamation of significant numbers of neurons firing, but the underlying predominance which make us what we are, that predominance being consciousness. From a functionalist perspective, with the mind being entwined within the brain and our bodies entangled further, creating a machine which thinks as a human is nigh impossible. To do so, would be to create an exact match of what we are, how we are constructed and the properties of substance of which we stand. If successful, we have not created a thinking machine but a th inking human a human which alas, is not a machine.Searle (1982) argues that it is an undeniable fact that the earth is comprised of particular biological systems, particularly brains which are able to create intellectual phenomena which are encompassed with meaning. Suggesting that a machine is capable of intelligence would therein suggest that a machine would need the computational power equivalent to that of the human mind. Searle (Ibid, 1982, p. 467) states that he has offered an argument which displays that no recognised machine is able by itself to ever be capable of generating such semantic powers. It is therefore assumed, that no matter how far recognition is able to recreate machines with behavioural characteristics of a thinking human, it will never be more than a programmed mass of syntax, computed and presented as thought, yet never actually existing as actual thought.ReferencesChalmers, D. 1992, Subsymbolic Computation and the Chinese Room, in J. Dinsmore (ed.), The Sym bolic and Connectionist Paradigms Closing the Gap,Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.Harnad, S. 1989. Minds, machines and Searle. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 1, pp.5-25.Harnad, S. 1993. origination symbols in the analog sic world with neural nets. Think 2(1) 12-78 (Special issue on Connectionism versus Symbolism, D.M.W. Powers & P.A. Flach, eds.).Simon, H.A., & Eisenstadt, S.A., 2002. A Chinese Room that Understands Views into the Chinese room. In J. Preston * M. Bishop (eds). invigorated essays on Searle and artificial intelligence Oxford Clarendon, pp. 95-108.Hofstadter, D. 1980. Reductionism and religion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3),pp.43334.Reynolds, G. H., & Kates, D.B. 1995. The second amendment and states rights a thought experiment. William and Mary Law Review, 36, pp.1737-73.Searle, J. 1980. Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, pp.417-424.Searle, J. 1982. The Myth of the Computer An Exchange, in New York Rev iew of Books 4, pp.459-67.